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When automation testing grows in scale, maintaining scripts can become difficult. A minor UI change might break dozens of test cases. To manage this efficiently, the industry follows a proven design pattern Page Object Model (POM).
POM helps testers organize and maintain automation frameworks systematically. In Playwright, it fits perfectly thanks to its structured, modern approach.
This non-coding guide will help you understand what POM is, why it matters, and how Playwright enhances it explained in a simple, humanized way without diving into code.
The Page Object Model is a design pattern that represents each webpage of an application as a separate “object.”
In simple terms:
Each web page (like Login, Dashboard, or Profile) is treated as a class or module.
All elements and user actions are defined within that class.
Test scripts don’t directly interact with web elements they call predefined methods from these page objects.
This approach separates the test logic from the page structure, resulting in cleaner, reusable, and more maintainable automation.
Without POM, automation frameworks become cluttered with repetitive selectors and steps. A single UI update could require edits across hundreds of scripts.
With POM, you make one change and it automatically applies everywhere that element is used.
Example:
Without POM: Every test case with a login button must be manually updated.
With POM: Change it once in the LoginPage file, and all related tests stay intact.
That’s why POM is known as a “single source of truth” for UI elements.
Abstraction:
Keep page details hidden from test logic. Testers use high-level functions like login() instead of selectors.
Reusability:
Reuse methods (like “submit form” or “navigate”) across multiple test cases.
Maintainability:
Update one page file instead of hundreds of test scripts when UI changes occur.
This structure makes test automation modular, readable, and future-ready.
Playwright’s design naturally supports the Page Object Model approach. It allows testers to:
Create modular page classes.
Centralize all locators and actions.
Share page components across multiple tests.
Extend functionality through inheritance (BasePage → LoginPage → DashboardPage).
Its API structure and speed make it easy to adopt POM in both small and large projects.
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Page Objects | Represent specific pages like LoginPage or HomePage. |
| Locators/Selectors | Define where elements exist on the page. |
| Methods/Functions | Describe reusable user actions such as login or logout. |
| Test Scripts | Contain test scenarios that call methods from page objects. |
| Base Page | Holds common elements and actions used across multiple pages. |
| Utilities | Provide helpers for configuration, logging, and reporting. |
This modular design helps QA teams scale efficiently across applications and teams.
Initialization: Playwright loads the first page object (e.g., LoginPage).
Action: Predefined methods like enterCredentials() are executed.
Navigation: Context switches to the next page (e.g., DashboardPage).
Validation: Expected outcomes are verified.
Teardown: Browser closes, and reports are generated.
This flow keeps each test clean, independent, and easy to debug.
E-Commerce Platforms: “Home,” “Cart,” and “Checkout” pages managed as separate page objects.
HR Portals: “Employee” and “Payroll” modules organized modularly for reusability.
Learning Management Systems: Institutions like NareshIT can define user roles and dashboards as structured page objects.
Banking Apps: Securely manage pages like Login and Transactions.
SaaS Platforms: Multi-step onboarding and dashboards maintained via page-level separation.
| Benefit | Description |
|---|---|
| Reduced Duplication | One source of truth for each page’s elements. |
| Simplified Maintenance | UI updates affect only one file. |
| Readability | Test logic reads naturally, e.g., LoginPage.login(). |
| Scalability | Easy to extend when new features are added. |
| Collaboration | Non-technical teams can easily follow test flows. |
| Stability | Centralized locators make scripts more reliable. |
Frequent maintenance for minor UI updates.
Scattered locators and duplicated code.
Long, unreadable test scripts.
Debugging inefficiency.
Fragile and inconsistent automation.
POM eliminates these issues by introducing structure and modularity.
POM bridges gaps between different roles:
Developers can update selectors without breaking tests.
Testers focus on business logic instead of element tracking.
Managers can interpret reports easily.
In training setups such as NareshIT, this method helps learners understand industry-grade automation structures used by real QA teams.
A Base Page acts as a parent class that defines shared actions across all pages, like navigation or logging.
Common base actions include:
Waiting for elements to load.
Taking screenshots.
Performing navigation between sections.
This approach reduces code duplication and promotes consistency across test modules.
Playwright’s command-line interface (CLI) and POM structure work perfectly with CI/CD tools like Jenkins and GitHub Actions.
It allows teams to:
Run automated tests after every code change.
Generate reports and screenshots.
Detect UI regressions instantly.
POM ensures that automation runs smoothly in agile, fast-paced environments.
Keep one class per page.
Use clear and descriptive names (e.g., LoginPage, HomePage).
Centralize locators and actions.
Reuse base class functions.
Maintain consistent folder structure.
Separate test data from logic.
Capture logs and screenshots for traceability.
Avoid hardcoded waits use smart synchronization.
Use clear naming conventions for readability.
Maintain documentation for the framework.
For QA Teams:
Faster updates and fewer errors.
Consistent and reusable automation standards.
For Developers:
Clear structure aligns with best coding practices.
For Business Leaders:
Better visibility into testing progress and stability.
POM is not just a framework design it’s a collaborative quality strategy.
| Aspect | Non-POM | POM |
|---|---|---|
| Code Reusability | Low | High |
| Maintenance | Difficult | Simple |
| Scalability | Limited | Excellent |
| Readability | Complex | Clear |
| Change Impact | High | Minimal |
| Adoption | Declining | Industry Standard |
Clearly, POM is the foundation of scalable, maintainable test automation.
E-Commerce: Product, checkout, and cart workflows.
Banking: Secure login and transaction validations.
Healthcare: Patient dashboards and medical record testing.
EdTech (like NareshIT): Online courses, enrollment, and LMS dashboards.
POM ensures consistency and reliability across every industry.
1. What does POM mean in Playwright?
Ans: It’s a structured way to organize automation scripts, where each web page is represented as a class.
2. Is it only for large projects?
Ans: No. POM benefits even small projects by reducing maintenance.
3. Does POM require coding knowledge?
Ans: Conceptually no, but its implementation needs basic programming understanding.
4. Can it work across multiple test suites?
Ans: Yes. Page objects can be reused across projects and environments.
5. What’s the purpose of locators in POM?
Ans: They identify UI elements in one centralized location.
6. Is POM compatible with JavaScript or TypeScript?
Ans: Yes. Playwright supports both natively.
7. Can POM handle backend tests?
Ans: While it’s mainly for UI, you can combine APIs for hybrid automation.
8. How does it improve collaboration?
Ans: By keeping tests modular and readable, both testers and developers can align easily.
9. Is it mandatory to use POM in Playwright?
Ans: Not mandatory, but highly recommended for scalability and clarity.
Page Object Model (POM) organizes automation into structured, reusable modules.
Playwright enhances POM with simplicity, scalability, and cross-browser flexibility.
It improves collaboration, maintenance, and long-term framework health.
For deeper insights into Playwright software testing concepts, explore [Parallel Execution and Sharding with Playwright Test Runner: A Complete Non-Coding Guide] and [Network Interception and Request Mocking in Playwright: A Complete Non-Coding Guide].
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