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Mastering the Spring Framework is essential for building robust and efficient Java applications. As a comprehensive and widely-used framework, Spring simplifies Java development, enabling you to create enterprise-level applications that are flexible, maintainable, and scalable.
Industry Standard: The Spring Framework is one of the most trusted tools for Java development, widely adopted across various industries. Major companies rely on Spring to build scalable, high-performing applications.
Rich Features: The Spring Framework provides an array of powerful features, such as dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and a comprehensive set of tools for transaction management and data access. These capabilities streamline development and improve application structure.
Competitive Edge: Skills in the Spring Framework are increasingly valuable as companies prioritize efficient, secure, and scalable solutions. By learning Spring, you’ll enhance your career prospects and position yourself as a competitive candidate in the tech job market.
Flexibility and Modularity: The Spring Framework offers flexibility and modularity, allowing you to create everything from simple APIs to complex enterprise solutions. This modular approach enables you to add or modify features as your application grows or as business needs change.
If you're preparing for a career in Java development, getting comfortable with the Spring Framework is essential. Here are some of the most common Spring Framework interview questions to help you get started on your path to success!
What is Constructor Injection with Dependent Object?
The dependency injection will be injected with the help of constructors.This technique involves passing all necessary dependencies for an object as arguments to the constructor. The object is created only after all necessary dependencies have been provided.we create the instance of dependent object (contained object) first then pass it as an argument of the main class constructor.
How to create constructor injection with collection?
In <constructor-arg> element of applicationContext.XML file using three elements called as list, set and map to create constructer injection with collection.
Sample Example:
<bean>
<list>
<value>Naresh</value>
<value>I</value>
<value>Technologies</value>
</list>
</constructor-arg>
</bean>
What is inheriting bean in spring?
By using the parent attribute of bean, we can specify the inheritance relation between the beans. In such case, parent bean values will be inherited to the current beanin otherwords A child bean definition inherits scope, constructor argument values, property values, and method overrides from the parent, with the option to add new values. Any scope, initialization method, destroy method, or static factory method settings that you specify override the corresponding parent.
What is Setter Injection with Dependent Object?
Spring Setter Injection is nothing but injecting the Bean Dependencies using the Setter methods on an Object. The call first goes to no argument constructor and then to the setter method. It does not create any new bean instance.
Can I use Setter injection with Collection?
Yes, we can use Setter injection with Collection same like constructor injection we use list, set and map inside the property element.
Example:
<bean id=”” class=””>
<property name=””>
<list>
<value>Naresh</value>
<value>I</value>
<value>Technologies</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
What are the differences between constructor and setter injection?
Setter Injection of IoC Container first creates the dependent object then the Target Class Object where as Constructor Injection of IoC Container first create the target class object then the dependent object
Setter Injection are recommended to use when we have some optional dependency upto application can provided default business logic code but Constructor Injection Recommended to use when Mandatory/required dependencies are there.
What are the advantages of Autowiring in spring framework?
It requires less code because we don't need to write the code to inject the dependency explicitly,Instead of manually creating and passing dependencies, Spring automatically injects them at runtime.
What are the modes available in Autowiring?
no: It is the default autowiring mode. It means no autowiringbydefault.
byName:The byName mode injects the object dependency according to name of the bean. In such case, property name and bean name must be same. It internally calls setter method.
byType:The byType mode injects the object dependency according to type. So property name and bean name can be different. It internally calls setter method.
constructor:The constructor mode injects the dependency by calling the constructor of the class. It calls the constructor having large number of parameters.
autodetect: It first tries to autowire via the constructor mode and if it fails, it uses the byType mode for autowiring.
Explain Dependency injection with factory method in spring framework?
We use Dependency injection with factory method is used to remove conventional dependency relation between object. We have two types of attributes in bean element.
i. factory method
ii. factory bean
Factory Method: These are those types of methods that are invoked to in order to inject the beans.
factory-bean: represents the reference of the bean by which factory method will be invoked. It is used if factory method is non-static.
What are the types of factory methods in spring?
There are three types of factory methods in spring
A static factory method that returns instance of its own class.
A static factory method that returns instance of another class.
A non-static factory method that returns instance of another class.
What is Spring AOP?
Spring AOP is a really popular and widely used component of Spring. There are some specific cases where AOP is mostly used as mentioned below:
It can be used to provide declarative enterprise services such as declarative transaction management for a particular organization or software.
It allows users to implement custom elements. These elements can be really helpful for adding some additional features and functionalities that were not present in the software at the beginning.
How many ways to create Spring AOP AspectJ implementation?
Spring frame work provides Spring AOP AspectJ implementation because easy to use and more control.
There are two ways to create Spring AOP AspectJ implementation as follows
By Annotation
By XML configuration.
What are the annotations available in Spring AOP AspectJ implementation?
@Aspect
@Pointcut
@Before
@After
@AfterReturning
@AfterThrowing
@Around
What are the XML elements are used in define advice of Spring AOP AspectJ Xml Configuration?
The following are the XML elements are used in define advice
aop:before - It is applied before calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after - It is applied after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after-returning- it is applied after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:around- It is applied before and after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after-throwing - It is applied if actual business logic method throws exception.
What is the advantage of Spring JdbcTemplate?
Spring JdbcTemplate eliminates write a lot of code before and after executing the query, such as creating connection, statement, closing resultset, connection and it provides you methods to write the queries directly, so it saves a lot of work and time.
What are the approaches for spring JDBC database access?
The following approaches for spring JDBC database access
i. JdbcTemplate
ii. NamedParameterJdbcTemplate
iii. SimpleJdbcTemplate
iv. SimpleJdbcInsert
v. SimpleJdbcCall
What is spring JdbcTemplate class?
Spring JdbcTemplate is a central class in the coreJDBC package that simplifies the use of JDBC and helps to avoid common errors.It handles the exception and provides the informative exception messages by the help of exception classes defined in the org.springframework.dao package.
What are the methods available in spring JdbcTemplate class?
public int update(String query) is used to insert, update and delete records.
public int update(String query,Object... args) is used to insert, update and delete records using PreparedStatement using given arguments.
public void execute(String query) is used to execute DDL query.
public T execute(String sql, PreparedStatementCallback action) executes the query by using PreparedStatement callback.
public T query(String sql, ResultSetExtractorrse) is used to fetch records using ResultSetExtractor.
public List query(String sql, RowMapperrse) is used to fetch records using RowMapper.
What is the use of DriverManagerDataSource in spring framework or spring JdbcTemplate?
The DriverManagerDataSource is used to having the information about the database for example driver class name, connnection URL, username and password.
datasource is the property in the JdbcTemplate class of DriverManagerDataSource.
How to load DriverManagerDataSource in applicationContext.xml for bean element?
The following is the example of load DriverManagerDataSource in applicationContext.XML file
<bean id="ds" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver" />
<property name="url" value="jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe" />
<property name="username" value="system" />
<property name="password" value="oracle" />
</bean>
How to use PreparedStatement in Spring JdbcTemplate?
By using execute parameterized query and execute() method of JdbcTemplate class to implement PreparedStatement query. we pass the instance of PreparedStatementCallback in the execute method.
Syntax:
public T execute(String sql,PreparedStatementCallback<T>);
Explain PreparedStatementCallback interface?
Allows to execute any number of operations on a single PreparedStatement, for example a single executeUpdate call or repeated executeUpdate calls with varying parameters. It contains input parameters and output results.
Syntax:
public T doInPreparedStatement(PreparedStatementps)throws SQLException, DataAccessException
Explain PreparedStatementSetter interface?
This is a callback interface that sets values on a PreparedStatement provided by the JdbcTemplate class, for each of a number of updates in a batch using the same SQL.It provides the SQL with placeholders; implementations are responsible for setting necessary parameters.
It is a Functional interface and contains only one method called as setValues()
void setValues(PreparedStatementps) throws SQLException
What is PreparedStatementCreator interface?
It provides one of the two central callback interfaces used by the JdbcTemplate class. It creates a PreparedStatement given a connection, provided by the JdbcTemplate class. It Implementations are responsible for providing SQL and any necessary parameters.
Method:
createPreparedStatement(Connection con)
What is query() method of JdbcTemplate class and Write a syntax of a syntax of ResultSetExtractor and RowMapper using query() method?
Query() method of JdbcTemplate class is used to fetch the data from the database and we need to pass instance of ResultSetExtractor and RowMapper interfaces.
Syntax for ResultSetExtractor using query() method
public T query(String sql,ResultSetExtractor<T>rse)
Syntax for RowSet using query() method
public T query(String sql,RowMapper<T> rm)
What is ResultSetExtractor interface?
ResultSetExtractor interface is used to fetch records from the database and it accepts a ResultSet and returns the list.
It contains only one method called as extractData
public T extractData(ResultSetrs)throws SQLException,DataAccessException
What is RowMapper interface?
RowMapper interface is a callback interface which allows to map a row of the relations with the instance of user-defined class and it iterates the ResultSet internally and adds it into the collection.
It contains only one metohod named as mapRow
public T mapRow(ResultSetresultSet, int rowNumber)throws SQLException
What is NamedParameterJdbcTemplate in spring?
In Spring NamedParameterJdbcTemplate provides insert data by named parameter which means instead of ‘?’ we use names for its better to remember the data for the column.
For example, name, id, course are the three columns in ‘faculty’ table of database, by using NamedParameterJdbcTemplate as shown below
Insert into faculty(:name,:id,course);
It contains only one method called as execute.
Syntax:
pubic T execute(String sql,Mapmap,PreparedStatementCallbackpsc)
What is SimpleJdbcTemplate in Spring?
SimpleJdbcTemplate is a class that wraps the JdbcTemplate class and it provides the update method where we can pass arbitrary number of arguments. It contains variable – argument and autoboxing techniques.
In order to access the methods of the old JdbcTemplate class, we use the getJdbcOperations() method and we call all those methods over SimpleJdbcTemplate.
Syntax for update() method of SimpleJDBCTemplate class:
int update(String sqlQuery, Object parameters)
What are the advantages of Spring ORM framework with spring?
facilitates configuration and deployment.
Requires Less code means you don't need to write extra codes before and after the actual database logic.
Spring framework provides its own API for exception handling with ORM framework.
General resource management. Spring application contexts can handle the location and configuration of Hibernate SessionFactory instances, JPA EntityManagerFactory instances, JDBC DataSource instances, iBATIS SQL Maps configuration objects, and other related resources.
What is HibernateTemplate class in Spring?
HibernateTemplate provides the integration of hibernate and spring. Spring manages database connection DML, DDL etc commands by itself. It is a helper class that is used to simplify the data access code. This class supports automatically converts HibernateExceptions which is a checked exception into DataAccessExceptions which is an unchecked exception. HibernateTemplate is typically used to implement data access or business logic services. The central method is execute(), that supports the Hibernate code that implements HibernateCallback interface. Define HibernateTemplate.
What are the benefits of HibernateTemplate class?
HibernateTemplate simplifies interactions with Hibernate Session.
The functions that are common are simplified to single method calls.
The sessions get automatically closed.
The exceptions get automatically caught and are converted to runtime exceptions.
What are the methods available in HibernateTemplate class?
List loadAll(Class entityClass)
void persist(Object entity)
Object load(Class entityClass, Serializable id)
void saveOrUpdate(Object entity)
void update(Object entity)
void delete(Object entity)
Serializable save(Object entity)
Object get(Class entityClass, Serializable id)
Explain JpaTemplate class?
Spring Data JPA API provides JpaTemplate class to integrate spring application with JPA.
Automatically converts PersistenceExceptions into Spring DataAccessExceptions, following the org.springframework.dao exception hierarchy.
The central method is of this template is "execute", supporting JPA access code implementing the JpaCallback interface.
JpaTemplate provides JPA EntityManager handling such that neither the JpaCallback implementation nor the calling code needs to explicitly care about retrieving/closing EntityManagers, or handling JPA lifecycle exceptions.
What is the advantage of Spring JpaTemplate class?
The major advantage is its automatic conversion to DataAccessExceptions and makes it easier to build Spring-powered applications that use data access technologies.We no need to write the before and after code for persisting, updating, deleting or searching object.
What is Spring Expression Langauge?
The Spring Expression Language (SpEL) is a powerful expression language that supports querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. Spring Expression Language was created to provide the Spring community with a single well supported expression language that can be used across all the products in the Spring portfolio.
What are the interfaces and classes available in Spring expression language?
Expression interface
SpelExpressionParser class
SpelExpression class
EvaluationContext interface
StandardEvaluationContext class
ExpressionParser interface
What are the operators available in Spring expression language?
We can use many operators in SpEL such as arithmetic, relational, logical etc.
Relational operators
The relational operators; equal, not equal, less than, less than or equal, greater than, and greater than or equal are supported using standard operator notation.
Example:
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
booleantrueValue = parser.parseExpression("2 == 2").getValue(Boolean.class);
Logical operators
The logical operators that are supported are and, or, and not. Their use is demonstrated below.
Example:
// evaluates to false
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
booleanfalseValue = parser.parseExpression("true and false").getValue(Boolean.class);
Mathematical operators
The addition operator can be used on numbers, strings and dates. Subtraction can be used on numbers and dates. Multiplication and division can be used only on numbers. Other mathematical operators supported are modulus (%) and exponential power (^). Standard operator precedence is enforced. These operators are demonstrated below.
Example:
// Addition
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
int two = parser.parseExpression("1 + 1").getValue(Integer.class); // 2
Arithmetic operator
Example:
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
System.out.println(parser.parseExpression("'Welcome SPEL'+'!'").getValue());
What are the features of Spring expression language?
Boolean and relational operators
Literal expressions
Regular expressions
Class expressions
Accessing properties, arrays, lists, maps
Method invocation
Relational operators
Assignment
Calling constructors
Bean references
Array construction
Inline lists
Variables
Ternary operator
Collection projection
Collection selection
Templated expressions
User defined functions
Explain Variables in Spring Expression Language?
By using StandardEvaluationContext class to store the values in varibales, we use the process of variable in the method and call the method. EvaluationContext interface is implemented by StandardEvaluationContext class.
Sample Example:
class NIT {
public List<Boolean>booleanList = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
}
NIT nit = new NIT();
nit.booleanList.add(true);
StandardEvaluationContextsimpleContext = new StandardEvaluationContext(nit);
parser.parseExpression("booleanList[0]").setValue(simpleContext, "false");
Boolean b = simple.booleanList.get(0);
What are the advantages of Spring MVC?
All modules having Separate roles
Light-weight for develop and deploy application
Powerful Configuration
Rapid development
Reusable business code
Easy to test
Flexible Mapping
What do you mean by Dependency Injection?
In Dependency Injection, you do not have to create your objects but have to describe how they should be created. You don’t connect your components and services together in the code directly, but describe which services are needed by which components in the configuration file. The IoC container will wire them up together.
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