Elevate Your Programming Skills with Essential C Language Knowledge
Discover the most frequently asked C interview questions with expert answers to help you prepare for technical interviews. This guide covers key C language concepts, essential programming techniques, and the best ways to showcase your C skills in interviews, making it a must-read for both beginners and experienced programmers.
The C language is one of the foundational programming languages in computer science. Known for its simplicity and efficiency, C enables developers to work directly with memory, making it ideal for system-level programming and embedded systems. Understanding C language basics is critical, as it forms the foundation for learning advanced languages and concepts in programming.
What is c language?
C language is a computer programming language and in other words c language is procedural language and also called as structural language. Basically c language is a mid level programming to develop assembly level language. C supports both low level and high level feature to develop independent operating system and also application programs.
What are the data types supported by c language?
C language primarily supports three categories of data types
Primary/ primitive data types
Integer
Character
Float Pointer
Double Float Pointer
Void
Derived Data types
Function
Array
Pointer
Referecne
User defied data types
Class
Structure
Union
Enum
Typedef
Syntax
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dataType variableName = value;
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int num = 5;
float fnum = 5.99;
char ch = 'D';
printf ("%d\n", num);
printf ("%f\n", fnum);
printf ("%c\n", ch);
return 0;
}What are the features of c language?
It is Simple And Efficient.
portable or Machine Independent.
C supports mid-level Programming.
It is a structured oriented Programming Language.
It has a function-rich library.
Dynamic Memory Management.
C is super fast.
We can use pointers in C.
It is extensible.
What is printf() function?
Printf() funntion is used to print the values or text
Syntax:
printf("format string",argument_list);
Example:
printf("Naresh I Technologies");
like python or java display the values normally but in c language it is not possible if want to print we use format specifier like %d or %s etc.
%d: used to print an integer value.
%s: used to print a string.
%c: used to display a character value.
%f: used to display a floating point value
Example:
int num = 5;
float fnum = 5.99;
char ch = 'D';
printf ("%d\n", num);
printf ("%f\n", fnum);
printf ("%c\n", ch);
printf(num) // not possible What is scanf() function?
Scanf() function takes the input from user keyboard in other words it reads the input data from the console
Syntax:
scanf("format string",argument_list);
like printf it support formats spcifiers
%d: used to print an integer value.
%s: used to print a string.
%c: used to display a character value.
%f: used to display a floating point value.
Example:
scanf("%d",&num); here ‘num’ is a integer variable
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int num;
printf ("enter a number:");
scanf ("%d", &num);
printf ("Entered number is:%d ", num);
return 0;
}You can learn more about it in our Free Demo.
How to declare variables in c language?
Variables are containers for storing data values, like numbers and characters.
Syntax to declare variable:
datatype NameOfVarible = value;
Example:
Int a = 10
Char ch = ‘A’;What are the difference between malloc() and calloc()?
malloc() and calloc() both are used to create dynamic allocation but we have some difference
malloc() function that allocates fixed size of one block of memory where as calloc() function assigns more than one block of memory to a single variable.
malloc() function more faster and when compared to calloc().
What is malloc() function?
malloc() is nothing but “memory allocation” which is used to dynamic memory allocation of single block with fixed size.
It returns a pointer of type void which can be cast into a pointer of any form.
It does not initialize memory at the time of execution, so that it has initialized each block with the default garbage value initially.
malloc() function defined under <stdlib.h> in c
Syntax:
ptr = (cast-type*) malloc(byte-size)
Example:
ptr = (int*) malloc(100 * sizeof(int)); // for interger
char **file;
file = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * (size + 1)) // for character
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int* ptr;
int n = 1;
if(ptr ==NULL)
{
printf ("First Memory not allocated\n");
}
else
{
printf ("First Memory allocated\n");
}
ptr = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Second Memory not allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf ("Second Memory allocated");
}
return 0;
}Take the C Fundamentals skill track to gain the foundational skills you need to become a programmer.
What is calloc() function?
calloc() function is also known as “contiguous allocation” used to allocate dynamic memory the specified number of blocks of memory of the specified type.
It initializes each block with a default value ‘0’.
calloc() function defined under <stdlib.h> in c
Syntax:
ptr = (cast-type*)calloc(n, element-size);
Example:
ptr = (float*) calloc(16, sizeof(float));
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int* ptr;
if(ptr ==NULL)
{
printf ("First Memory not allocated\n");
}
else
{
printf ("First Memory allocated\n");
}
ptr = (int*)calloc(10, sizeof(int)); // calloc Memory allocation
if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Second Memory not allocated.\n");
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf ("Second Memory allocated");
}
return 0;
}What is free() function?
In c, free() function is used for de-allocation of memory is allocated by malloc() and calloc() functions and both are not deallocated by itself. By using free() function to reduce wastage of memory by freeing it.
Syntax:
free(ptr);
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int *mpointer, *cpointer;
mpointer = (int*)malloc(10 *sizeof(int)); // malloc Memory allocation
cpointer = (int*)calloc(10, sizeof(int)); // calloc Memory allocation
if(mpointer ==NULL || cpointer==NULL)
{
printf ("First Memory not allocated\n");
}
else
{
printf("Malloc Memory allocated \n");
free(mpointer); // free malloc memory
printf("Calloc Memory allocated \n");
free(cpointer);
if(mpointer==NULL && cpointer==NULL)
{
printf("deallocatoin completed\n");
}
else
{
printf("deallocatoin not completed\n");
}
}
return 0;
}Take the essential practicing coding interview questions course to prepare for your next coding interviews
What is realloc() function?
In C, realloc() is also called as re-allocation of memory. If the memory previously allocated with the help of malloc or calloc is insufficient, realloc can be used to dynamically re-allocate memory.
Syntax
ptr = realloc(ptr, newSize);
Sample Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int *pointer;
pointer = (int*)malloc(6 *sizeof(int)); // malloc Memory allocation
if(pointer==NULL)
{
printf ("Memory not allocated\n");
}
else
{
printf("Memory allocated\n");
printf("Size of Pointer %ld \n",malloc(sizeof(pointer)));
pointer = (int*)realloc(pointer, 26 * sizeof(int));
printf("Size of Pointer %ld \n",malloc(sizeof(pointer)));
}
return 0;
}What is atio() frunction?
The atoi() function converts an integer value from a string of characters. It returns numaric value.
The function stops reading the input string when it encounters the first character that it does not consider part of a number. It may be the null character at the string ends.
The atoi() function doesn't support the exponents and decimal numbers.
The atoi() function skips all the white space characters at the starting of the string. It also converts the characters as the number part and stops when it finds the first non-number character.
atoi() function defined under <stdlib.h> in c
Syntax:
int atoi(const char *str)
Sample Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
int val;
char first[] = "212541";
char second[] = "NareshIT";
char third[] = "1234NareshIT123";
val = atoi(first);
printf("result of first variable %d \n",val);
val = atoi(second);
printf("result of second variable %d \n",val);
val = atoi(third);
printf("result of third variable %d \n",val);
return 0;
}How abs() function works in c language?
The abs () function is a predefined function in the stdlib.h header file to return the absolute value i.e. positive of the given integers.
Syntax:
int abs(int a);
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
printf("abs of -25 is %d \n",abs(-25));
printf("abs of 25 is %d \n",abs(25));
return 0;
}What is sprintf()?
In c language sprint() function stands for “String Print” converts any data variable into string value. Instead of printing on console, sprintf() function stores the output on char buffer that is specified in sprint.
Syntax:
int sprintf(char *str, const char *string,...);
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch[50];
int a = 22, b = 26, c;
c = a + b;
float f = 15.1;
sprintf(ch, "Sum of %d and %d is %d\n", a, b, c);
printf("%s", ch);
sprintf(ch, "%f", f);
printf("%s", ch);
return 0;
}What is the difference between puts and gets function in c language?
Puts() function to prints output and gets() function involves takes input from user.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch[50];
gets(ch);
puts(ch);
return 0;
}Mastering the C language is a powerful way to elevate your programming skills. It lays the foundation for understanding essential programming concepts, including memory management, pointers, and data structures. These skills are highly sought after in technical interviews and can also ease your journey into more advanced languages.
To maximize your learning, consider C Language Online Training with expert guidance, hands-on exercises, and real-world applications. With structured online training, you'll gain a deep, practical understanding of C that will help you confidently tackle complex programming challenges and achieve your career goals.
Whether you're preparing for a technical interview or looking to strengthen your programming foundation, learning C is an invaluable step. C provides insight into how computers work at a low level and builds a solid base for learning other languages. By mastering C interview questions, you’ll boost your confidence and readiness to excel in any technical discussion.
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Mastering the Spring Framework is essential for building robust and efficient Java applications. As a comprehensive and widely-used framework, Spring simplifies Java development, enabling you to create enterprise-level applications that are flexible, maintainable, and scalable.
Industry Standard: The Spring Framework is one of the most trusted tools for Java development, widely adopted across various industries. Major companies rely on Spring to build scalable, high-performing applications.
Rich Features: The Spring Framework provides an array of powerful features, such as dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and a comprehensive set of tools for transaction management and data access. These capabilities streamline development and improve application structure.
Competitive Edge: Skills in the Spring Framework are increasingly valuable as companies prioritize efficient, secure, and scalable solutions. By learning Spring, you’ll enhance your career prospects and position yourself as a competitive candidate in the tech job market.
Flexibility and Modularity: The Spring Framework offers flexibility and modularity, allowing you to create everything from simple APIs to complex enterprise solutions. This modular approach enables you to add or modify features as your application grows or as business needs change.
If you're preparing for a career in Java development, getting comfortable with the Spring Framework is essential. Here are some of the most common Spring Framework interview questions to help you get started on your path to success!
What is Constructor Injection with Dependent Object?
The dependency injection will be injected with the help of constructors.This technique involves passing all necessary dependencies for an object as arguments to the constructor. The object is created only after all necessary dependencies have been provided.we create the instance of dependent object (contained object) first then pass it as an argument of the main class constructor.
How to create constructor injection with collection?
In <constructor-arg> element of applicationContext.XML file using three elements called as list, set and map to create constructer injection with collection.
Sample Example:
<bean>
<list>
<value>Naresh</value>
<value>I</value>
<value>Technologies</value>
</list>
</constructor-arg>
</bean>
What is inheriting bean in spring?
By using the parent attribute of bean, we can specify the inheritance relation between the beans. In such case, parent bean values will be inherited to the current beanin otherwords A child bean definition inherits scope, constructor argument values, property values, and method overrides from the parent, with the option to add new values. Any scope, initialization method, destroy method, or static factory method settings that you specify override the corresponding parent.
What is Setter Injection with Dependent Object?
Spring Setter Injection is nothing but injecting the Bean Dependencies using the Setter methods on an Object. The call first goes to no argument constructor and then to the setter method. It does not create any new bean instance.
Can I use Setter injection with Collection?
Yes, we can use Setter injection with Collection same like constructor injection we use list, set and map inside the property element.
Example:
<bean id=”” class=””>
<property name=””>
<list>
<value>Naresh</value>
<value>I</value>
<value>Technologies</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
What are the differences between constructor and setter injection?
Setter Injection of IoC Container first creates the dependent object then the Target Class Object where as Constructor Injection of IoC Container first create the target class object then the dependent object
Setter Injection are recommended to use when we have some optional dependency upto application can provided default business logic code but Constructor Injection Recommended to use when Mandatory/required dependencies are there.
What are the advantages of Autowiring in spring framework?
It requires less code because we don't need to write the code to inject the dependency explicitly,Instead of manually creating and passing dependencies, Spring automatically injects them at runtime.
What are the modes available in Autowiring?
no: It is the default autowiring mode. It means no autowiringbydefault.
byName:The byName mode injects the object dependency according to name of the bean. In such case, property name and bean name must be same. It internally calls setter method.
byType:The byType mode injects the object dependency according to type. So property name and bean name can be different. It internally calls setter method.
constructor:The constructor mode injects the dependency by calling the constructor of the class. It calls the constructor having large number of parameters.
autodetect: It first tries to autowire via the constructor mode and if it fails, it uses the byType mode for autowiring.
Explain Dependency injection with factory method in spring framework?
We use Dependency injection with factory method is used to remove conventional dependency relation between object. We have two types of attributes in bean element.
i. factory method
ii. factory bean
Factory Method: These are those types of methods that are invoked to in order to inject the beans.
factory-bean: represents the reference of the bean by which factory method will be invoked. It is used if factory method is non-static.
What are the types of factory methods in spring?
There are three types of factory methods in spring
A static factory method that returns instance of its own class.
A static factory method that returns instance of another class.
A non-static factory method that returns instance of another class.
What is Spring AOP?
Spring AOP is a really popular and widely used component of Spring. There are some specific cases where AOP is mostly used as mentioned below:
It can be used to provide declarative enterprise services such as declarative transaction management for a particular organization or software.
It allows users to implement custom elements. These elements can be really helpful for adding some additional features and functionalities that were not present in the software at the beginning.
How many ways to create Spring AOP AspectJ implementation?
Spring frame work provides Spring AOP AspectJ implementation because easy to use and more control.
There are two ways to create Spring AOP AspectJ implementation as follows
By Annotation
By XML configuration.
What are the annotations available in Spring AOP AspectJ implementation?
@Aspect
@Pointcut
@Before
@After
@AfterReturning
@AfterThrowing
@Around
What are the XML elements are used in define advice of Spring AOP AspectJ Xml Configuration?
The following are the XML elements are used in define advice
aop:before - It is applied before calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after - It is applied after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after-returning- it is applied after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:around- It is applied before and after calling the actual business logic method.
aop:after-throwing - It is applied if actual business logic method throws exception.
What is the advantage of Spring JdbcTemplate?
Spring JdbcTemplate eliminates write a lot of code before and after executing the query, such as creating connection, statement, closing resultset, connection and it provides you methods to write the queries directly, so it saves a lot of work and time.
What are the approaches for spring JDBC database access?
The following approaches for spring JDBC database access
i. JdbcTemplate
ii. NamedParameterJdbcTemplate
iii. SimpleJdbcTemplate
iv. SimpleJdbcInsert
v. SimpleJdbcCall
What is spring JdbcTemplate class?
Spring JdbcTemplate is a central class in the coreJDBC package that simplifies the use of JDBC and helps to avoid common errors.It handles the exception and provides the informative exception messages by the help of exception classes defined in the org.springframework.dao package.
What are the methods available in spring JdbcTemplate class?
public int update(String query) is used to insert, update and delete records.
public int update(String query,Object... args) is used to insert, update and delete records using PreparedStatement using given arguments.
public void execute(String query) is used to execute DDL query.
public T execute(String sql, PreparedStatementCallback action) executes the query by using PreparedStatement callback.
public T query(String sql, ResultSetExtractorrse) is used to fetch records using ResultSetExtractor.
public List query(String sql, RowMapperrse) is used to fetch records using RowMapper.
What is the use of DriverManagerDataSource in spring framework or spring JdbcTemplate?
The DriverManagerDataSource is used to having the information about the database for example driver class name, connnection URL, username and password.
datasource is the property in the JdbcTemplate class of DriverManagerDataSource.
How to load DriverManagerDataSource in applicationContext.xml for bean element?
The following is the example of load DriverManagerDataSource in applicationContext.XML file
<bean id="ds" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver" />
<property name="url" value="jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe" />
<property name="username" value="system" />
<property name="password" value="oracle" />
</bean>
How to use PreparedStatement in Spring JdbcTemplate?
By using execute parameterized query and execute() method of JdbcTemplate class to implement PreparedStatement query. we pass the instance of PreparedStatementCallback in the execute method.
Syntax:
public T execute(String sql,PreparedStatementCallback<T>);
Explain PreparedStatementCallback interface?
Allows to execute any number of operations on a single PreparedStatement, for example a single executeUpdate call or repeated executeUpdate calls with varying parameters. It contains input parameters and output results.
Syntax:
public T doInPreparedStatement(PreparedStatementps)throws SQLException, DataAccessException
Explain PreparedStatementSetter interface?
This is a callback interface that sets values on a PreparedStatement provided by the JdbcTemplate class, for each of a number of updates in a batch using the same SQL.It provides the SQL with placeholders; implementations are responsible for setting necessary parameters.
It is a Functional interface and contains only one method called as setValues()
void setValues(PreparedStatementps) throws SQLException
What is PreparedStatementCreator interface?
It provides one of the two central callback interfaces used by the JdbcTemplate class. It creates a PreparedStatement given a connection, provided by the JdbcTemplate class. It Implementations are responsible for providing SQL and any necessary parameters.
Method:
createPreparedStatement(Connection con)
What is query() method of JdbcTemplate class and Write a syntax of a syntax of ResultSetExtractor and RowMapper using query() method?
Query() method of JdbcTemplate class is used to fetch the data from the database and we need to pass instance of ResultSetExtractor and RowMapper interfaces.
Syntax for ResultSetExtractor using query() method
public T query(String sql,ResultSetExtractor<T>rse)
Syntax for RowSet using query() method
public T query(String sql,RowMapper<T> rm)
What is ResultSetExtractor interface?
ResultSetExtractor interface is used to fetch records from the database and it accepts a ResultSet and returns the list.
It contains only one method called as extractData
public T extractData(ResultSetrs)throws SQLException,DataAccessException
What is RowMapper interface?
RowMapper interface is a callback interface which allows to map a row of the relations with the instance of user-defined class and it iterates the ResultSet internally and adds it into the collection.
It contains only one metohod named as mapRow
public T mapRow(ResultSetresultSet, int rowNumber)throws SQLException
What is NamedParameterJdbcTemplate in spring?
In Spring NamedParameterJdbcTemplate provides insert data by named parameter which means instead of ‘?’ we use names for its better to remember the data for the column.
For example, name, id, course are the three columns in ‘faculty’ table of database, by using NamedParameterJdbcTemplate as shown below
Insert into faculty(:name,:id,course);
It contains only one method called as execute.
Syntax:
pubic T execute(String sql,Mapmap,PreparedStatementCallbackpsc)
What is SimpleJdbcTemplate in Spring?
SimpleJdbcTemplate is a class that wraps the JdbcTemplate class and it provides the update method where we can pass arbitrary number of arguments. It contains variable – argument and autoboxing techniques.
In order to access the methods of the old JdbcTemplate class, we use the getJdbcOperations() method and we call all those methods over SimpleJdbcTemplate.
Syntax for update() method of SimpleJDBCTemplate class:
int update(String sqlQuery, Object parameters)
What are the advantages of Spring ORM framework with spring?
facilitates configuration and deployment.
Requires Less code means you don't need to write extra codes before and after the actual database logic.
Spring framework provides its own API for exception handling with ORM framework.
General resource management. Spring application contexts can handle the location and configuration of Hibernate SessionFactory instances, JPA EntityManagerFactory instances, JDBC DataSource instances, iBATIS SQL Maps configuration objects, and other related resources.
What is HibernateTemplate class in Spring?
HibernateTemplate provides the integration of hibernate and spring. Spring manages database connection DML, DDL etc commands by itself. It is a helper class that is used to simplify the data access code. This class supports automatically converts HibernateExceptions which is a checked exception into DataAccessExceptions which is an unchecked exception. HibernateTemplate is typically used to implement data access or business logic services. The central method is execute(), that supports the Hibernate code that implements HibernateCallback interface. Define HibernateTemplate.
What are the benefits of HibernateTemplate class?
HibernateTemplate simplifies interactions with Hibernate Session.
The functions that are common are simplified to single method calls.
The sessions get automatically closed.
The exceptions get automatically caught and are converted to runtime exceptions.
What are the methods available in HibernateTemplate class?
List loadAll(Class entityClass)
void persist(Object entity)
Object load(Class entityClass, Serializable id)
void saveOrUpdate(Object entity)
void update(Object entity)
void delete(Object entity)
Serializable save(Object entity)
Object get(Class entityClass, Serializable id)
Explain JpaTemplate class?
Spring Data JPA API provides JpaTemplate class to integrate spring application with JPA.
Automatically converts PersistenceExceptions into Spring DataAccessExceptions, following the org.springframework.dao exception hierarchy.
The central method is of this template is "execute", supporting JPA access code implementing the JpaCallback interface.
JpaTemplate provides JPA EntityManager handling such that neither the JpaCallback implementation nor the calling code needs to explicitly care about retrieving/closing EntityManagers, or handling JPA lifecycle exceptions.
What is the advantage of Spring JpaTemplate class?
The major advantage is its automatic conversion to DataAccessExceptions and makes it easier to build Spring-powered applications that use data access technologies.We no need to write the before and after code for persisting, updating, deleting or searching object.
What is Spring Expression Langauge?
The Spring Expression Language (SpEL) is a powerful expression language that supports querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. Spring Expression Language was created to provide the Spring community with a single well supported expression language that can be used across all the products in the Spring portfolio.
What are the interfaces and classes available in Spring expression language?
Expression interface
SpelExpressionParser class
SpelExpression class
EvaluationContext interface
StandardEvaluationContext class
ExpressionParser interface
What are the operators available in Spring expression language?
We can use many operators in SpEL such as arithmetic, relational, logical etc.
Relational operators
The relational operators; equal, not equal, less than, less than or equal, greater than, and greater than or equal are supported using standard operator notation.
Example:
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
booleantrueValue = parser.parseExpression("2 == 2").getValue(Boolean.class);
Logical operators
The logical operators that are supported are and, or, and not. Their use is demonstrated below.
Example:
// evaluates to false
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
booleanfalseValue = parser.parseExpression("true and false").getValue(Boolean.class);
Mathematical operators
The addition operator can be used on numbers, strings and dates. Subtraction can be used on numbers and dates. Multiplication and division can be used only on numbers. Other mathematical operators supported are modulus (%) and exponential power (^). Standard operator precedence is enforced. These operators are demonstrated below.
Example:
// Addition
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
int two = parser.parseExpression("1 + 1").getValue(Integer.class); // 2
Arithmetic operator
Example:
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
System.out.println(parser.parseExpression("'Welcome SPEL'+'!'").getValue());
What are the features of Spring expression language?
Boolean and relational operators
Literal expressions
Regular expressions
Class expressions
Accessing properties, arrays, lists, maps
Method invocation
Relational operators
Assignment
Calling constructors
Bean references
Array construction
Inline lists
Variables
Ternary operator
Collection projection
Collection selection
Templated expressions
User defined functions
Explain Variables in Spring Expression Language?
By using StandardEvaluationContext class to store the values in varibales, we use the process of variable in the method and call the method. EvaluationContext interface is implemented by StandardEvaluationContext class.
Sample Example:
class NIT {
public List<Boolean>booleanList = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
}
NIT nit = new NIT();
nit.booleanList.add(true);
StandardEvaluationContextsimpleContext = new StandardEvaluationContext(nit);
parser.parseExpression("booleanList[0]").setValue(simpleContext, "false");
Boolean b = simple.booleanList.get(0);
What are the advantages of Spring MVC?
All modules having Separate roles
Light-weight for develop and deploy application
Powerful Configuration
Rapid development
Reusable business code
Easy to test
Flexible Mapping
What do you mean by Dependency Injection?
In Dependency Injection, you do not have to create your objects but have to describe how they should be created. You don’t connect your components and services together in the code directly, but describe which services are needed by which components in the configuration file. The IoC container will wire them up together.
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Mastering the Spring Framework is essential for developing scalable, efficient applications in Java. As one of the most popular frameworks, Spring simplifies Java development, while its modular approach allows you to build powerful, flexible systems.
To help you ace your Spring Framework interviews, here are some frequently asked questions that cover core concepts and common scenarios.
What is Spring Framework?
Spring is an integrated framework to develop enterprise applications and to reduce the complexity of enterprise application development.
Spring framework is a lightweight process and it is loosely coupled
It supports various frameworks such as Struts, Hibernate, Tapestry, EJB, JSF etc
What are the features of Spring framework?
Inversion of control (IOC)
Container
Lightweight
MVC Framework
Aspect oriented Programming (AOP)
Transaction Management
JDBC Exception Handling
What are the modules available in Spring framework?
We have lot of modules available in spring framework like Data access, web, core container, AOP, Test etc.
Explain IOC?
Explain DI in Spring framework?
Dependency Injection makes our programming code loosely coupled in otherwords it removes the dependency from the program for easy to manage and test application.
What is Spring Configuration file?
XML file is a spring configuration file and it mainly contains the information of classes and describes how these classes are configured and introduced to each other.
What is the use of IOC container in Spring framework?
IOC gets the information of objects from a configuration file(XML) and the below tasks are performed in Spring framework
i. to instantiate the application class
ii. to configure the object
iii. to assemble the dependencies between the objects
How many ways can Dependency Injection be done?
There are three ways Dependency Injection can be done as follows
i. Constructor Injection
ii. Setter Injection
iii. Interface Injection
What is the difference between BeanFactory and ApplicationContext?
BeanFactory and ApplicationContext both are java interfaces but Bean Factory is Basic container and where as ApplicationContext is advance Container.
ApplicationContext extends BeanFactory and both configurations are using XML Files but ApplicationContext also supports Java configuration.
BeanFactory provides basic IoC and Dependency Injection (DI) features but ApplicationContext provides more facilities than BeanFactory such as integration with spring AOP.
What are the different components of a Spring application?
We have various components of spring application as follows
i. Interface
ii. Bean class
iii. Spring AOP
iv. Bean configuration
Differentiate between constructor injection and setter injection?
Partial dependency: can be injected using setter injection but it is not possible by constructor. Suppose there are 3 properties in a class, having 3 argument constructor and setters methods. In such case, if you want to pass information for only one property, it is possible by setter method only.
Overriding: Setter injection overrides the constructor injection. If we use both constructor and setter injection, IOC container will use the setter injection.
Changes: We can easily change the value by setter injection. It doesn't create a new bean instance always like constructor. So setter injection is flexible than constructor injection
What is autowiring in Spring?
The Spring framework enables automatic dependency injection. In other words, by declaring all the bean dependencies in a Spring configuration file, Spring container can autowire relationships between collaborating beans.
Explain the AOP module?
The AOP module is used for developing aspects for our Spring-enabled application. Much of the support has been provided by the AOP Alliance in order to ensure the interoperability between Spring and other AOP frameworks.
Explain the web module in Spring framework?
The Spring web module is built on the application context module, providing a context that is appropriate for web-based applications. This module also contains support for several web-oriented tasks such as transparently handling multipart requests for file uploads and programmatic binding of request parameters to your business objects. It also contains integration support with Jakarta Struts.
What are the different types of IoC (dependency injection)?
Constructor-based dependency injection: Constructor-based DI is accomplished when the container invokes a class constructor with a number of arguments, each representing a dependency on another class.
Setter-based dependency injection: Setter-based DI is accomplished by the container calling setter methods on your beans after invoking a no-argument constructor or no-argument static factory method to instantiate your bean.
What is Spring MVC module?
MVC framework is provided by Spring for building web applications. Spring can easily be integrated with other MVC frameworks, but Spring’s MVC framework is a better choice since it uses IoC to provide for a clean separation of controller logic from business objects. With Spring MVC you can declaratively bind request parameters to your business objects.
What are Spring beans?
Beans are created with the configuration metadata that the users supply to the container.
Beans are managed by the Spring IoC container.
The Spring Beans are Java Objects that form the backbone of a Spring application.
What is the importance of the web.xml in Spring MVC?
The web.xml file in Spring MVC is used for configuring the DispatcherServlet, defining context parameters, filters, and listeners, as well as handling error pages. While newer Spring applications rely more on annotation-based configuration, web.xml remains essential for certain settings and legacy support.
What is the importance of session scope?
It allows creating and maintaining a separated instance of a bean for each user session, ensuring that data associated with a specific user is preserved throughout their interactions with the application.
What is bean wiring?
When beans are combined together within the Spring container, it’s called wiring or bean wiring and Spring container needs to know what beans are needed and how the container should use dependency injection to tie them together.
What are the advantages of spring AOP?
Spring AOP breaks the code logic into distinct parts because it enables to add or remove concern dynamically before or after business logic for easy to maintain and pluggable.
What is JoinPoint?
JoinPoint is any point in your program such as field access, method execution, exception handling etc.
The joinpoint represents a point in an application where we can plug in an AOP aspect. It is the actual place in the application where an action will be taken using the Spring AOP framework.
What are Spring Interceptors?
Spring Interceptors are components in the Spring MVC framework that allow to intercept and process HTTP requests and responses. It provide a way to perform pre-processing and post-processing tasks before and after the actual request is handled by a controller or after the response is generated.
Can you inject null and empty string values in Spring?
Yes, you inject null and empty string values in Spring.
What is @Autowired annotation?
The @Autowired annotation provides more fine-grained control over where and how auto wiring should be accomplished and in Spring is used to automatically wire (inject) dependencies into a Spring bean.It enables automatic dependency injection, meaning that Spring will automatically find and inject the required dependencies into the bean without the need for manual configuration.
What is @Required annotation?
This annotation simply indicates that the affected bean property must be populated at configuration time, through an explicit property value in a bean definition, or through auto wiring. The container throws BeanInitializationException if the affected bean property has not been populated.
What is @Qualifier annotation?
When there are more than one bean of the same type and only one is needed to be wired with a property, the @Qualifier annotation is used along with @Autowired annotation to remove the confusion by specifying which exact bean will be wired.
What is @RequestMapping annotation?
@RequestMapping annotation is used for mapping a particular HTTP request method to a specific class/ method in controller that will be handling the respective request and This annotation applied on class and method levels.
What is DispatcherServlet?
The Spring Web MVC framework is designed around a DispatcherServlet that handles all the HTTP requests and responses.The controller then returns an object of Model And View. The DispatcherServlet checks the entry of view resolver in the configuration file and calls the specified view component.
What are the different types of AutoProxying?
AutoProxying types are
i. BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
ii. DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
iii. Metadata auto proxying
What is proxy?
An object which is created after applying advice to a target object is known as a Proxy. In case of client objects the target object and the proxy object are the same.
What are the difference between Spring AOP and AspectJ AOP?
Spring AOP is Runtime weaving through proxy is done and in AspectJ AOP is Compile time weaving through AspectJ Java tools is done
Spring AOP supports only method level PointCut where as AspectJ AOP suports field level Pointcuts
Spring AOP is DTD based but AspectJ AOP is schema based and Annotation configuration.
How to create instance of BeanFactory interface?
XmlBeanFactory is the implementation class for the BeanFactory interface and The constructor of XmlBeanFactory class receives the Resource object so we need to pass the resource object to create the object of BeanFactory
For creation of instance beanFactory is
Resource resource=new ClassPathResource("applicationContext.xml");
BeanFactory factory=new XmlBeanFactory(resource);
How to instanciateApplicationContext interface?
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext class is the implementation class of ApplicationContextinterface.The constructor of ClassPathXmlApplicationContext class receives string, so we can pass the name of the xml file to create the instance of ApplicationContext.
The following is instantiation of ApplicationContext interface
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
What is Constructor Injection?
By using <constructor-arg> is the subelement of <bean> to create constructor injection.
There are three types of injections to create constructor injection
primitive and String-based values
Dependent object (contained object)
Collection values etc.
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